Nepali

(Answers must be written in Nepali)

Paper I

Section A

• History of the origin and development of Nepali as one of the new Indo-Aryan Languages.
• Fundamentals of Nepali Grammar and phonology:
• Nominal forms and categories: Gender, Number, Case, Adjectives, Pronouns, Avyayas
• Verbal forms and categories: Tense, Aspects, Voice, Roots and Fixes
• Nepali Swara and Vyanjana
• Major Dialects of Nepali.
• Standardisation and Modernisation of Nepali with special reference to language movements (viz. Halanta Bahiskar, Jharrovad etc.).
• Teaching of Nepali language in India:Its history and development with special reference to its socio-cultural aspects.

Section B

• History of Nepali literature with special reference to its development in India.
• Fundamental concepts and theories of literature: Kavya/Sahitya, Kavya Prayojan, Literary genres, Shabda Shakti, Rasa, Alankara, Tragedy, Comedy, Aesthetics, Stylistics.
• Major literary trends and movements: Swachchhandatavad, Yatharthavad, Astitwavad, Ayamik Movement, Contemporary Nepali writings, Postmodernism.
• Nepali folklores (the following folk-form only):  Sawai, Jhyaurey, Selo, Sangini, Lahari.

Paper II

This paper will require first hand reading of the texts prescribed below and questions will be designed to test the candidate’s critical acumen.

Section A

• Santa Jnandil Das- Udaya Lahari
• Lekhnath Poudyal- Tarun Tapasi, (Vishrams III, V, VI, XII, XV, XVIII only)
• Agam Singh Giri- Jaleko Pratibimba: Royeko Pratidhwani, (The following poems only-rasawako Chichy-ahat-sanga Byunjheko Ek Raat, Chhorolai, Jaleko Pratibimba: Royeko Prati-dhwani, Hamro Akashmani Pani Hunchha Ujyalo, Tihar).
• Haribhakta Katuwal- Yo Zindagi Khai Ke Zindagi: (The following poems only - Jeevan: Ek Dristi, Yo Zindagi Khai Ke Zindagi, Akashka tara Ke Tara, Hamilai Nirdho Nasamjha, Khai Many-ata Yahan Atmahutiko Balidan Ko)
• Balkrishna Sama-Prahlad
• Manbahadur Mukhia- Andhyaroma Banchneharu (The following One-Act plays only-Andhyaroma Banchneharu, Suskera)

Section B

• Indra Sundas- Sahara
• Lilbahadur Chhetri- Brahmaputrako Chheuchhau
• Rupnarayan Sinha- Katha Navaratna (The following stories only-Biteka Kura, Jimmewari Kasko, Dhanamatiko Cinema-Swapna, Vidhwasta Jeevan)
• Indrabahadur Rai- Vipana Katipaya (The following stories only-Raatbhari Huri Chalyo, Jayamaya Aphumatra Lekha-pani Aipugi, Bhagi, Ghosh Babu, Chhutyaiyo)
• Sanu Lama- Katha Sampad (The following stories only-Swasni Manchhey, Khani Tarma Ekdin, Phurbale Gaun Chhadyo, Asinapo Manchhey)
• Laxmi Prasad Devkota- Laxmi Nibandha Sangraha (The following essays only-Sri Ganeshaya Namah, Nepali Sahityako Itihasma Sarvashrestha Purus, Kalpana, Kala Ra Jeevan, Gadha Buddhiman Ki Guru?)
• Ramkrishna Sharma- Das Gorkha (The following essays only-Kavi, Samaj Ra Sahitya, Sahityama Sapekshata, Sahityik Ruchiko Praudhata, Nepali Sahityako Pragati)