Punjabi

Answers must be written in Punjabi - Gurumukhi Script

Paper I

Section A

• Origin of Punjabi language: different stages of development and recent development in Punjabi language; characteristics of Punjabi phonology and the study of its tones; classification of vowels and consonants.
• Punjabi morphology: the number-gender system (animate and inanimate), prefixes, affixes and different categories of Post positions; Punjabi word formation- Tatsam, Tad Bhav, forms; Sentence structure, the notion of subject and object in Punjabi; Noun and verb phrases.
• Language and dialect; the notions of dialect and idiolect; major dialects of Punjabi; Pothohari, Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Puadhi; the validity of speech variation on the basis of social stratification, the distinctive features of various dialects with special reference to tones. Language and script; origin and development of Gurmukhi; suitability of Gurmukhi for Punjabi.
• Classical background; Nath Jogi Sahit
  • Medieval literature: Gurmat, Sufti, Kissa and Var Janamsakhis.

Section B

Different literary trends

• Modern trends: Mystic, Romantic, Progressive and Neomystic (Vir Singh, Puran Singh, Mohan Singh, Amrita Pritam, Bawa Balwant, Pritam Singh Safeer, J.S. Neki).
• Experimentalist (Jasbir Singh Ahluwalia, Ravinder Ravi, Ajaib Kamal)
• Aesthetes (Harbhajan Singh, Tara Singh)
• Neo-progressive (Pash. Jagtar, Patar)

Origin and Development of Genres

• Folk literature: folk songs, folk tales, riddles, proverbs
• Epic (Vir Singh, Avtar Singh, Azad Mohan Singh)
• Lyric (Gurus, Sufis and Modern Lyricists-Mohan Singh, Amrita Pritam, Shiv Kumar, Harbhajan Singh)
• Drama (I.C. Nanda, Harcharan Singh, Balwant Gargi, S.S. Sekhon, Charan Das Sidhu)
• Novel (Vir Singh, Nanak Singh, Jaswant Singh Kanwal, K.S. Duggal, Sukhbir, Gurdial Singh, Dalip Kaur Tiwana, Swaran Chandan)
• Short Story (Sujan Singh, K.S. Virk. Prem Parkash, Waryam Sandhu)
• Socio-cultural influences: Sanskrit, Persian, and Western
• Essay (Puran Singh, Teja Singh, Gurbaksh Singh)
• Literary Criticism (S.S. Sekhon, Attar Singh, Kishan Singh, Harbhajan Singh, Najam Hussain Sayyad).

Paper II

This paper will require first-hand reading of the texts prescribed and will be designed to test the candidate’s critical ability.

Section A

• Sheikh Farid: The complete Bani as included in the Adi Granth.
• Guru Nanak: Japu Ji Baramah, Asa di Var
• Bulleh Shah: Kafian
• Waris Shah: Heer

Section B

• Jhah Mohammad:
  •  Jangnama (Jang Singhan te Firangian)
• Dhani Ram Chatrik (Poet):
  • Chandan Vari
  • Sufi Khana
  • Nawan Jahan
• Nanak Singh (Novelist):
  • Chitta Lahu
  • Pavittar Papi
  • Ek Mian Do Talwaran
• Gurbaksh Singh (Essayist):
  • Zindagi di Ras
  • Nawan Shivala
  • Merian Abhul Yadaan.
• Balraj Sahni (Travelogue):
  • Mera Roosi Safarnama
  • Mera Pakistani Safarnama
• Balwant Gargi (Dramatist):
  • Loha Kutt
  • Dhuni-di-Agg
  • Sultan Razia
• Sant Singh Sekhon (Critic):
  • Sahityarth
  • Parsidh Punjabi Kavi
  • Punjabi Kav Shiromani